教学总结论文7篇。
教学总结论文 篇1
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. “Do you like the material？” “Yes, it _____ very soft.”
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，想当然地根据“这布料摸起来很柔软”这一句意，认为“布料”应是“被摸”，所以 feel 选用被动语态。
【分析】其实，此题正确答案为C，因为 feel 在此为连系动词，而连系动词均为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味。请看以下类似例子 （答案均为D）：
（1） Her forehead _____ hot. I’m afraid she is ill.
（2） The new school has been completed. It _____ very beautiful.
（3） The dish _____ nice, but the milk _____ sour.
A. is smelt, is smelt B. is smelt, smells
C. smells, is smelt D. smells, smells
（4） The story of his life _____ interesting.
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didn’t satisfy B. to, didn’t satisfy
C. at, wasn’t satisfied D. to, wasn’t satisfied
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能被误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C. be angry at （about） sth 意为“对某事生气”，许多同学常按汉语意思将其中的介词 at （about） 换成 to，这是错误的。另外，许多同学将汉语的“不满意”直译为 not satisfy，这是是不对的，因为，satisfy在现代英语中只用作及物动词，其意不是“满意”而是“使（人）满意”，所以其后不能没有宾语，除非本身是被动语态（或是系表结构）。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. The president _____ a cool reception when he visited London.
2. A red sky in the morning _____ to be a sign of bad weather.
3 If you go there alone after dark you might get _____.
A. attacked and robbed B. attacking and robbing
B. to attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed
4. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting ______.
C. was to hold D. was to be held
5. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop B. are being developed
C. are developing D. have developed
6. I’ll come after the meeting if time ______.
C. is permitted D. has permitted
7. The students _____ ￡50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.
8. With the development of science, more new technology _______ to the fields of IT.
A. has introduced B. is being introduced
C. is introduced D. was introduced
9.“How about the dishes, Dear？” “The beef didn’t taste very good. It ______ too long.”
10. He kept a little notebook, in which ______ the names and addresses of his friends.
11. “Look！ Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that ______for？”
A. is being building B. has been built
12. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes.
13. A red sky in the morning ______ to be a sign of bad weather.
14. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop B. are being developed
C. are developing D. have developed
1. 选B.一方面语意要求要被动语态，另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。
2. 选D.此句也可说成 It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.
3. 选A，“get + 过去分词”表被动。
4. 选D，从逻辑上说，“会议”应是被开，故用被动式。
5. 选B.从语境上看，develop 不仅要用被动语态，而且要用进行时态。
6. 选A，该用法中的 permit 为不及物动词，不用被动语态。其中if time permits 也可换成 time permitting.
7. 选B.谓语为 give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。
8. 选B.技术应该是“被”引进，故用被动语态；根据语境句子应用现在进行时。
9. 选B.从句意上看，“牛肉”应该是“被”煮，故句子要用被动语态；从时间上看，由于句中有 didn’t taste very good，所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前，故用过去完成时。
10. 选D.in which were written the names and addresses…为倒装句式，其正常表达为 the names and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook.
11. 选D.因为 building 应该是“被建”，故用被动语态；再根据前文的 look, under construction 等信息词可知，此处应用现在进行时态。
12. 选B.jobs与lose应为被动关系，故用被动语态；再根据条件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用一般将来时为宜。
13. 选D.因为主语 a red sky 与谓语动词say之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
14. 选B.因为“新的药物和器械”与“开发”之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为 advertise 的意思是“做广告”，advertise for 的意思“为……做广告”。
【分析】事实上，正确答案为A.advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词：用作及物动词时，其意为“为……做广告”、“登广告宣传”；用作不及物动词时，其意为“做广告”、“登广告”，此时通常后接介词 for，表示“做广告征求”。比较：
advertise for sth （sb） 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 （此时 advertise 不及物）
advertise sth 为……登广告，登广告宣传……（此时 advertise 是及物动词，其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语）
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书。
再比较以下用例：
2. No matter how much you’ve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _______ the people heart and soul.
【陷阱】容易误选B，即字对字地翻译汉语的“全心全意为人民服务”，将其中的“为”译为 for.
【分析】答案选A，serve 意为“为……服务”，可直接用作及物动词，其后不能按汉语意思误加介词 for.请看以下类似例子：
（1） I _____ you yesterday, but you weren’t in.
答案选A，ring 可以用作及物动词，表示“给……打电话”，故其后不用介词。
（2） Neither of her parents wanted her to _____ her cousin.
答案选A，marry 可用作及物或不及物动词，用作及物动词时它的意思“与……结婚”，而不仅仅是“结婚”，也就是说，后接宾语时，无需用介词 to, with 等。
（3） How can I _____ you, Mr. Green？
答案选A，contact 为及物动词，表示“与……联系”，其后不接介词。
3. According to the rules, students must not ______ their books during examinations.
【陷阱】容易误选A.因为按照英语一般习惯：看书看报用动词 read，看电视用动词watch，看电影用动词see，看比赛用动词watch，看黑板用动词look at，等等。
【分析】一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书＝读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词（如 look at）。又如：
Let me have a look at the book. 让我看看或翻翻这本书。
Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。
4. “I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time.” “But does your mother _____ you to go？”
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C.不能选A是因为 let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to；不能选B是因为动词 agree习惯上不用于 agree sb to do sth 这一句式；不能选D是因为在 promise sb to do sth 这一句式中，to do sth 的逻辑主语是 promise 的主语而不其是宾语，比如 He promised me to go 的意思是“他答应我，他去”，而不是“他答应我让我去”。之所以能选C，是因为 allow sb to do sth（允许某人做某事）与上文语境刚好吻合。
5. If they _______ to make heart-felt apologies soon we will have to bring an action against them.
【陷阱】容易误选A，根据 agree to do sth（同意做某事），想当然地类推出 disagree to do sth（不同意或不愿意做某事）。
【分析】事实上，语言有很多问题是不能类推的，如上面这一例，英语可说 agree to do sth，但习惯上却不说 disagree to do sth.类似地，英语中可说 like doing sth，但在现代英语中习惯上说 dislike doing sth，却不说dislike to do sth.其实上面一题的最佳答案是B，refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事”或“不愿做某事”。
6. They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.
【陷阱】很容易根据“他们拥有两辆小汽车，更不用说一辆摩托车了”这一中文语境而选择B.
【分析】其实最佳答案为D.因为not to say 和 not to mention 均为习语，但其含义区别甚大：
It is warm, not to say hot. 天气虽说不上热，但也够暖了。
He was impolite, not to say rude. 他即使不是粗鲁，至少也是没有礼貌。
There’re ten of us ready to help, not to mention the children. 我们有10个人愿意帮忙，还不算小孩。
They have three dogs to look after, not to mention the cat and the bird. 他们有三只狗要照顾，更别提那只猫和鸟了。
7. “Do your parents agree to your doing that？” “Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.”
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。因为若仅从汉语意思来看，四个选项均可填入空格处。
【分析】其实此题的正解答案是D.因为在以上四个选项中，只有encourage 可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语，即可用于 encourage sb to do sth，而其余三者均不可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语，即英语中习惯上不说 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.顺便说一句，以下英汉语表达也有类似差别，请注意：
汉语说“希望某人做某事”，但英语不说 hope sb to do sth.
汉语说“同意某人做某事”，但英语不说 agree sb to do sth.
汉语说“不同意某人做某事”，但英语不说disagree sb to do sth.
汉语说“害怕某人做某事”，但英语不说 fear sb to do sth.
汉语说“拒绝某人做某事”，但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth.
汉语说“惩罚某人做某事”，但英语不说 punish sb to do sth.
汉语说“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说 suggest sb to do sth.
汉语说“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说 propose sb to do sth.
汉语说“赞成某人做某事”，但英语不说 approve sb to do sth.
汉语说“安排某人做某事”，但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth.
汉语说“要求某人做某事”，但英语不说 demand sb to do sth.
汉语说“感谢某人做某事”，但英语不说 thank sb to do sth.
汉语说“指导某人做某事”，但英语不说 guide sb to do sth.
汉语说“祝贺某人做某事”，但英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth.
汉语说“阻止某人做某事”，但英语不说 prevent sb to do sth.
汉语说“通知某人做某事”，但英语不说 inform sb to do sth.
汉语说“欢迎某人做某事”，但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth.
汉语说“陪伴某人做某事”，但英语不说 accompany sb to do sth.
要表示以上汉语意思，英语需改用其他说法。如：
wish sb to do sth / hope for sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
arrnage for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事
congratulate sb on doing sth 祝贺某人做了某事
prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
等等。
8. Nowadays everyone hopes to ______ good education so as to get a good job in the future.
【陷阱】容易误选A或B.因为accept 与 receive 的基本区别是前者表示“接受”，后者表示“收到”，而汉语通常是说“接受教育”，而不是说“收到教育”，所以选A或B，
【分析】其实上，此题的正确答案是D，因为英语中习惯说 receive a good education，而不说 accept a good education.另外，education 表示抽象意义的“教育”时，不可数，但表示“一种教育”或“一段教育”时，可与不定冠词连用。
9. Wearing dark glasses can _______ your eyes from the sun.
【陷阱】容易误选B.因为许多同学一看到题干中的 from，再联系到选项中的 prevent，便马上想起了 prevent … from … 这个常用搭配。
【分析】在 prevent A from B 这一句式中，A 和 B通常具有主谓关系，如在The rain prevented us from going out （下雨使我们不能出去）中，“我们”与“出去”就具有主谓关系。而上面一题不具备此特点。此题正确答案应是 D，protect … from … 意为“保护……免受……”。
10. Mr. Smith was in great need of money, so he ____ 000 for his car.
【陷阱】容易误选A，误选的依据是pay … for … 这一搭配。
【分析】若单独说 He paid 000 for the car （他付了2 000美元买这车）是完全可以的，但问题是，本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money （他急需要钱），既然是“急需要钱”，又怎么还会花美元去买车呢？尤其还需注意的是 car 前的物主代词 his，这说明是为自己的车花2000美元钱，不合情理。此题的正确答案是B，take 在此表示“获得”、“得到”，句意为“他急需要钱，把自己的车以2000美元给卖掉了”。
11. There are many kinds _____, but I don’t know which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from
【陷阱】此题容易误选C.
【分析】其实应选B.choose 表示“选择”，其实是指“选择出来”（pick out），而不是指“从……选择”，要表示后者的意思，要用 choose from，有时也用 choose among.同样地，下面两例中的介词 from 也不可省略：
Here are some dictionaries for you choose from. 这些词典可供你选择。
In fact, there are various colors to choose from. 事实上，有各种各样的颜色可供选择。
比较：
He chose a red one. 他选了一个红色的。
He chose from some red ones. 他从一些红色的当中去选。
He didn’t know which to choose. 他不知道选哪个。
He didn’t know which to choose from. 他不知道从哪个当中去选。
请做以下试题（答案选D）：
（1） “We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you？” “Well, not yet. We have few ______, I’d say.”
C. to be chosen D. to choose from
（2） “I’d like to buy an expensive camera.” “Well, we have several models ______.”
12. I _____ him not to go abroad, but he wouldn’t listen.
A. persuaded B. tried to persuade
C. have persuaded D. was persuaded
【陷阱】容易误选A.
【分析】正确答案为B.persuade 的真正意思是“说服”，而不是“设法说服”，要表示后者的意思英语应用 try to persuade （当然也可用其他词，如 advise 等）。类似地：
（1） kill 的意思是“杀死”，不表示“设法杀死”，要表示后者的意思英语用 try to kill.
（2） prevent 的意思是“阻止”，不表示“设法阻止”，要表示后者的意思英语用 try to prevent.
13. When she came several days later, she found that all things still _______ where she had _______ them.
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选A.第一空填lay，它是lie（位于，在）的过去式 lay；第二空 laid，它是 lay（放，置）的过去分词，句意为“……她发现所有东西还在她当时放它们的地方”。请注意 lie, lay 的以下用法及词形变换：
（1） lay 有两个常见意思：一是表示“放”、“摆”（及物），二是表示“下（蛋）”（及物或不及物）。如：
Lay your coat on the bed. 把你的外衣放在床上。
Are your hens laying yet？ 你的母鸡下蛋了吗？
Will you please lay the table for dinner？ 请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗？
（2） lie 有三个主要意思：一是表示“躺”或“平放”，二是表示“位于”，三是表示“说谎”。用于以上三义时，均为不及物动词。如：
Don’t lie in bed all morning. 别一个上午都躺在床上。
The book lay open on the desk. 那本书摊开着放在桌上。
Don’t lay your coat on the bed. 不要把你的外衣放在床上。
The small town lies among the mountains. 小镇位于群山之中。
I’m sorry I lied to you. 我很抱歉向你撒了谎。
（3） 这两个词经常被混淆的有时不是其意思，而是其词形。注意下表所示：请做下题（答案均为B）：
（1） The hens _____ 50 eggs last week, but this week they aren’t _____.
（2） The girl ______ on the ground _____ to me that had _____ the purse on the desk.
A. lying, lay, laid B. lying, lied, laid
C. lie, lied, lay D. lay, lied, lain
14. He _____ a visit to the factory and was warmly _____ by the workers there.
A. took, welcome B. took, welcomed
C. paid, welcome D. paid, welcomed
【陷阱】容易误选A或C.因为许多同学会模仿 come → came → come 的变化形式，想当然地认为 welcome的变化形式是 welcome → welcame → welcome.
【分析】此题第一空应填动词 paid，因为 pay a visit to（拜访）是惯用搭配，其中的 pay 不能换成take.第二空要填welcomed，因为welcome 用作动词时，其过去式和过去分词均为 welcomed，即它是规则动词。有的同学也许会问，我们不是常说 You are welcome 吗？ 为什么其中的 welcome 未用 welcomed 呢？那是因为此处的 welcome 为形容词，而不是动词。
15. The boy said that the fish his mother cooked tasted ______.
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】按英语语法，连系动词后通常接形容词作表语，而不接副词，据此可以排除选项B和D.但到底是应选A还是C呢？许多同学凭感觉认为 taste to be good 似乎很通顺，于是选了C.但是，错了，正确答案应是A.原因是用作连系动词的 taste 后习惯上不接to be.如：
这棵树上的苹果味道很好。
正：The apples from this tree taste delicious.
误：The apples from this tree taste to be delicious.
类似地，feel, smell, sound 等连系动词后习惯上也不接不定式 to be.如：
你的想法听起来很好。
正：Your idea sounds a good one.
误：Your idea sounds to be a good one.
误：Roses smell to be sweet.
比较：seem, appear, prove, turn out, continue 等连系动词后可以接不定式 to be，也可省略 to be.如：
She seems （to be） a little tired. 她似乎有点累。
He appears （to be） quite young. 他显得年轻。
The examination turned out （to be） quite easy. 结果考试相当容易。
The weather continued （to be ） fine. 天气仍然很好。
注：用作连系动词的 look 后能否接 to be，各语法家意见不一：有的认为可接to be，有的认为不能接 to be.为此，建议同学们以不接 to be 为宜。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. We’re so busy that no one in the office can _____ for any other work.
2. He regards that book _____ one of the worst that he’s _____ read.
3. “Did you get a job？” “No, I ______, but it’s no use.”
4. “Do you know that Jack ______ a postman for about six years？” “Yes, I see.”
5. The thing that ______ is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not.
6. I don’t want the green coat. It is red and black colours that ______ me very well.
7. “Will another fifty be enough？” “Just twenty will ______.”
8. Goodbye, Mr Carter - my secretary will _____ you to the door.
9. This kind of cancer can be cured, provided it is ______ early.
10. We haven’t enough books for everyone; some of you will have to _____.
11. He asked her to marry him and she _____ him.
12. My worst fears were _____ when I saw what the exam questions were.
13. The plan looks good on paper, but will it _____？
14. What’s the matter with the radio？ Why isn’t it _____？
15. High unemployment _____ the government billions of pounds in lost taxes.
16. It’s hard to rescue drowning people because they _____ so much.
17. She went to the station to meet her husband, but _____ him in the crowd.
18. I missed what was happening because I wasn’t ______ very closely.
19. If you lend me a pound, it will _____ me having to go to the bank.
20. Don’t _______ your breath trying to persuade them; they’ll never listen.
21. He has spent little time on his lessons this term, so he _____ to fail the exam.
22. He will never ______ anything if he doesn’t work hard.
◆ 答案解析 ◆
1. 选B，spare 在表示“腾出或省去（多余的人或物）”。
2. 选C，regard … as …的意思“把……当作……”，其中的介词 as 不能换成 to be.
3. 选B.I tried to 为 I tried to get a job 之省略。
4. 选D.因为A、B、C均为终止性动词，均不能连用 for about six years 这样的一段时间。
5. 选A.matter 在此的意思是“要紧”、“关系重大”。
6. 选A.填空句为强调句，强调主语 red and black colours，故其后的谓语要用复数，即排除C和D.另外，fit 与suit区别是：fit 表示“适合”或“合身”等（及物或不及物），主要是指尺寸、大小、形状等方面的适合，而 suit 表示“适合”，主要指款式或花色等方面的适合。
7. 选B.do 在此表示“够”、“足够”、“适合”、“行”、“可以”等义。又如：
This will never do！ 这事永远不可以。
I’m hungry. Get me something to eat. Anything will do. 我饿了，给我弄点吃的东西，什么都行。
8. 选 sb to the door 意为“送某人到门口”。注意，其中的介词 to 不可省略，否则就成了 show sb the door（驱赶某人，下逐客令）。另外，也不要按汉语意思选A，因为send 通常表示派人送，而不表示亲自送。
9. 选D，catch 在此表示“发现”，句中的 provided 用作连词，意为“如果”。
10. 选C.既然书不够，不能每人一本，所以有些人只能share（分享）了。
11. 选C.accept 意为“同意”、“接受”，注意不能选D，因为 agree 后不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。
12. 选D.realize 在此的意思不是“实现”，而是指“使（不安、恐惧等）成为事实”。
13. 选A，work 在此的意思是“起作用”、“奏效”。
14. 选 在此的意思是“运作”、“运转”。
15. 选D.spend 和 cost 均可表示“花费”，但句型不同：spend + 时间或金钱 + on sth （in doing sth），cost + 某人或某机构 + 金钱或时间。
16. 选D.由句意和常识推知。
17. 选C.miss 指“错过”。
18. 选C，由句子的语境可推知。
19. 选A，save 指“省去（劳力等）”。
20. 选B.
21. 选A，expects 在此不是表示“期待”，而是表示“预料”。
22. 选C，achieve 意为“完成”、“做到”。其余三项均不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。
教学总结论文 篇2
数学教学工作总结论文—怎样确立数学作业价值观作业的价值问题，关系着教学目标的准确实现，影响着课堂信息、考试信息以及教材资料的科学利用，事关应试教育思想向素质教育思想的根本转变。目前，对作业价值的认识存在一定的片面性。于是产生了违背教育规律的有害做法。例如：为了弥补课堂教学的不足，就依借超量的课外作业来补充；为了取得应试中的高分数，频繁地“练兵”、“模拟”考试……这些做法既削弱了教师的主导作用，又忽视了学生的主体地位。怎样认识数学作业的价值呢？作业既是反馈、调控教学过程的实践活动，也是在教师的指导下，由学生独立运用和亲自体验知识、技能的教育过程。通过作业教学，使学生巩固、内化学得的知识技能，充分发挥师生双方的主观能动性，自然产生新的学习欲望。因此，作业的设置要符合相应阶段的教育目标要求，要适应教材的逻辑结构，要为学生提供一种顺利提取脑中的相关知识和有利于巩固、内化学得知识的良好情境。例1快车、慢车分别从甲、乙两地同时相对而行，快车平均每小时行60千米，4小时后两车相遇。相遇后慢车继续行驶1小时，正好行到中点处。甲、乙两地相距多少千米？（成都市锦江区1995年毕业试题）。若就小学的方程知识给出如下解答，那就既不符合小学数学教育目标要求，也不能适应小学数学教材的逻辑结构。解设慢车的速度为每小时x千米，列方程得（60×4＋4x）÷2＝5x解方程得x＝40甲、乙两地的距离为（60＋40）×4＝400（千米）答：甲、乙两地相距400千米。若在三类分数应用题的练习课中出示该题，即使借助成人的帮助也不能得出如下解法，这就超出了学生智力的“最近发展区”。解（1）慢车每小时行全程的几分之几？11─÷（4＋1）＝─210（2）快车行到相遇点行了全程的几分之几？131－─×4＝─105（3）甲、乙两地相距多少千米？360×4÷─＝400（千米）51或60×4÷〔1－─÷（4＋1）×4〕＝400（千米）2但是，若将上面的解法放在分数应用题的加深复习之后，作为学有余力的学生的思考题，则既符合阶段教学目标要求，也与教材的逻辑结构相适应。例2如图（单位：厘米）长方形面积比阴影部分面积多8平方厘米，求图中x的长度（上海市卢湾区1995年小学毕业升学试题）。（附图{图}题中的“长方形”一词，道明了整个图形的特征，使该题的叙述简单明了，避免了学生对图形特征的种种猜疑。这就为学生提供了回忆运用面积计算公式、相差关系、线段的和差关系，并得出下列解答的良好情境。解（1）阴影三角形的面积4×6－8＝16（平方厘米）（2）与阴影三角形等底等高的平行四边形的面积：16×2＝32（平方厘米）（3）图中x＝32÷（6－2）＝8答：图中x的长度为8厘米。通过教师对作业的评析，达到评价教学过程、检查教学效果的目的。并为调节控制教学过程提供信息。数学教师要以正确的作业价值观支配作业教学，我认为，应把握以下思想观点：第一，选择的作业题目要难易适度，有利于激起学生的认知冲突。前苏联心理学家维果茨基，在论述教学与智力发展的关系中，创立了“最近发展区”的新概念。明确指出：“只有那种走在发展前面的教学才是良好的教学。”要使学生具有适度的作业动机，必须以学生的认知冲突为动力。但是，与学生知识水平相平行的题目，产生不了不断的心理需要，过难的题目会挫伤学生参与学习活动的积极性。例3选择题。一件工作，如果甲做5小时后，由乙来做，3小时完成；如果乙做9小时后，由甲来做，也是3小时完成。甲和乙的工作效率的比是（）（成都市锦江区1995小学毕业试题）。（1）3∶5（2）3∶1（3）1∶3该题的难度超过了学生能力的“最近发展区”，产生不了应有的认知冲突。因为，在小学知识范围内，即使借助教师的帮助，一般的学生也难以得出下面的转化解法并纳入自己的认知结构。解法（一）：转化成工作效率与工作时间的反比例关系。由题意知，甲、乙都做3小时后所剩的工作量，若由甲完成要2小时完成，若由乙完成要6小时。按照工作量一定，工作效率和工作时间成反比的关系知：甲和乙工作效率的比是6∶2＝3∶1。解法（二）：转化成特殊工程问题。由题意知，甲在1小时完成的工作量与乙在3小时完成的工作量相等。那么，甲乙单独完成
这件工作所需的时间分别是6小时、18小时。设这件工作的总工作量为整体“111”。甲、乙工作效率的比是─∶─＝3∶1。618单调、枯燥的作业，启动不了学生的思维，改变不了不良的思维定势，会滋生厌倦数学的情绪。在作业教学中，基本题、综合题和开放性题建议按6∶3∶1的比例来配置。对综合题以分析出由基本题所构成的逻辑链为主要目的，对开放性题应立足找准起核心作用的知识点。第二，努力克服“应试教育”思想的影响，提高学科教学素质教育的自觉性。这既是义务教育的根本要求，也是教育改革的基本方向。在考试前后，不要用超量作业以备“应试”，不要以某些试题叫学生反复演练以求高分。否则，得到的是难以挽回的损失。1例4甲、乙两个粮仓，原来乙仓存粮数量比甲仓少─，现在把甲51仓存粮的─放进乙仓后，再从乙仓运出30吨，这时两个粮仓存粮数4量相同。求甲仓原来存粮多少吨？（北京市海淀区1995年小学毕业试题）。该题的结构比较复杂，教师无法穷尽所有的类似题型。当学生具有分析分数应用题的基本素质，能够抓住寻找“相比量和对应分数”这个关键，就能顺利得出如下解法：分析甲仓原来存粮数量是单位“1”的量。甲仓现在存粮数量的13对应分数是（1－─＝）─；乙仓得到放进的粮后的对应的分数是（1－44111133─＋─＝）1─；30吨的对应分数是1─－─＝─。因此，单位“1”的542020410量可求。113解30÷（1－─＋─－─）＝100（吨）544答：甲仓原来存粮100吨。在设计作业练习时，应精心选配习题。要深刻认识到，会机械性地解一百个题，不如有创建性地独立解答一个陌生题；认真设置举一反三的习题序列，比刻意拼排过去的考题更重要。通过学生的独立作业，开发学生的智力潜能；培养学生勇于克服困难，认真周密的思考习惯，积极进取的探索精神，一丝不苟的学习态度；形成乐观向上、适应能力强，自我教育意识强的良好心态。第三，培养和激发学生对作业的浓厚兴趣。从心理学的角度来看，作业兴趣是推动学生积极参与作业活动、按时按释瓿勺饕档淖钪苯幼罨钤镜耐贫?力。为此，要交替采用书面作业、课堂口述、集体讨论、习题归类编辑等多种作业方式，要重视能通晓若干传统题目的典型习题。评析学生的作业时，要民主地评判正误，以利激发学生的自尊自信。对待作业中的错误，要善于发现不成熟的解答或解法试探中所蕴含的思维火花，并给予及时鼓励和支持。正确运用例题或作业题目的变式练习，以利突出“双基”的本质。例5农业专业组计划在2400公亩地里播种粮食作物和经济作物，播种公亩数的比是3∶2。两种作物各播种多少公亩？（六年制小学数学第12册56页例1）为了突出按比例分配中的总数量、各部分的比和各部分量之间的关系，为了突出解答该类题目的步骤，可编拟下列变式题目：（1）农业专业组播种的粮食作物和经济作物的公亩数的比是3∶2。已知经济作物播了960公亩。粮食作物和经济作物共有多少公亩？3（2）有一块3000公亩的地，农业专业组将这块地的─播种粮食作5物，其余的按3∶2播种棉花和蔬菜。棉花和蔬菜各播了多少公亩？对于学习信心不强的学生，可针对其弱点、设计出带有启发性或具有专门目的的作业。通过该类作业的完成，使他们走出困境，得到惊喜的情感体验，建立起浓厚的数学兴趣。第四，要充分发挥学生作业对新旧知识的整合作用。按照奥苏伯尔的有意义学习理论，在教学过程中，主要采用有意义接受学习法，应把学生认知结构中的新旧知识联系起来。而学生作业正是新旧知识的交融点。因此，在评改书面作业时，应重视对“双基”的运用过程的评价。在质疑出题时，要把“双基”的产生过程和知识间的相互联系作为出题的重要源泉，要捕捉思路灵活、解法多样的数学题目。通过作业教学，最终达到将新知识纳入学生原有认知结构的目的。
教学总结论文 篇3
摘要：本文就消费者行为学教学中的一些基本情况做一探讨，重点阐述了教学的基本方法和教学心得体会，希望对消费者行为学教学改革起到一定的借鉴意义。
消费者行为的研究是市场营销理论体系不可缺少的一个重要组成部分，它既是研究市场细分、目标市场定位、营销战略和营销组合策略的基本出发点，同时也是这些研究的归宿，因为市场营销的最终目标是满足消费者的需求。所以，在市场营销专业的课程体系中，始终将消费者行为学放在基础、重要的位置上。根据一般本科院校应用性复合型人才培养目标，市场营销专业的学生通过这门课程的学习，能够全面系统地掌握消费者行为学的基本理论知识和基本技能方法，能够有效识别消费者的各种需求和动机，分析不同消费者的决策过程及影响因素，着重培养学生分析和解决市场营销管理问题的实践能力。
消费者行为学是一门融入了营销学、心理学、社会学、人类学等多学科知识的交叉性、综合性课程，因此学生比较难以把握教学内容。为让学生更加易于接受这些理论，可以采取启发式教学方法。比如，可以事先创设某些相关消费教学的情境并提出相应问题，让学生深入思考并引导学生作出自己的判断，激发学生的参与兴趣，这样就不会生硬晦涩地把理论强加于学生的知识体系。待学生领会基本理论以后，再鼓励学生用理论来解释现实的消费者行为，使学生真正领悟所学理论并内化为自己的营销素养。
对于一些需要动手实践操作的内容，比如影响消费者购买的购物情境、改变消费者态度的策略等，主要采用参与式教学方法。真实模拟营销情景，让学生亲自动手实践操作，充分发挥学生的自主性和创造性，做到知行合一，让学生来领悟理论知识的营销应用。在课堂上可运用小组比赛的形式，真实模拟某产品的购买情境设置。还可以通过模拟一些营销案例情景，让学生参与到整个教学过程中，感受营销氛围，深入讨论挖掘技能技巧，同时也加深理论学习。
案例教学是实现教学互动、教学相长的有效途径。消费者行为学的应用性决定了贴近营销实践的案例教学在消费者行为学中的重要性。学生在日常生活中能接触体验到的内容，就可以采取案例式教学。如有关消费者的认知心理、个性心理方面的教学内容，在课前把相应的参考书籍布置下去，课堂上老师详细讲解体现营销心理的案例，将学生置身于特定的消费情景之中，给予恰当的引导，为学生提供分析问题、解决问题的思路和方法；同时，可给同学们做相关的心理测试，让他们分析自己的消费心理和消费行为，这会在很大程度上提高他们的参与意识，体验感也会有所增强。另外，对一些现实消费者的营销问题，可让学生们展开情境模拟讨论，这样学生积极性被充分调动起来，他们自发采取演小品、模拟情境表演等方式，以此来论证自己的观点。实践教学效果表明，讨论后的教学内容学生会掌握得更加牢固扎实。
消费者行为学是一门实践性和理论性都很强的学科课程。学生不仅要掌握扎实的理论知识，还要懂得实践技能。作为营销专业学生，必须要学会营销销售，必须要懂得消费者心理，把握消费者行为。如何将产品销售出去，如何完成不可能完成的营销任务，关键在于把握消费者心理。针对综合性较强的教学内容，学期初，可以采用分组方式，组织学生开展企业市场调研活动，制定调研方案，设计调查问卷，分析问题，解决问题，撰写调查报告，协助企业将其产品销售出去。在实践过程中，让学生体验消费者心理，体验市场营销的.过程。
目前，各大高校流行微课教学，消费者行为学这门课程，可以分化为几个模块，针对每个模块，开展微课教学。教师课前针对教学重点内容，录制成微视频，设置微练习、微测试，以便于辅助学生课堂学习。这样不仅可以帮助学生课前预习，课后复习，还可以提高学生课堂效率，增强学生课堂参与积极性。
一是要强调“能力重于知识”。知识是死的，能力是活的，要用能力将枯燥的知识盘活，因此它注重培养学生的研究能力、实践能力和创新能力。消费者行为学涉及的理论知识多而广，“面面俱到满堂灌”既不现实，也不可取。采用研究性教学，教师通过创造条件，引导学生自主学习研究相关知识，不仅节省课堂时间，而且效果更好。
二是要师生一起根据已有理论知识和实践经验，在充分沟通的基础上去寻找、发现和解决问题，而不是将预先设计的知识按部就班地传输给学生。消费者行为学的教学内容庞杂，教师可将之条理化、模块化，每一个模块设计一个研究专题，并配以现代的教学新方式，引导和指导学生开展相关研究。这样一来课堂上不再是枯燥知识的简单传递，而是学术的交流和思想的碰撞。
三是要教师研究性地教，学生研究性地学，学研结合，教学相长。消费者行为学不仅涉及多学科理论知识，还与社会生活密切相关。教师可与学生一起从学科领域和现实生活中设计、选择研究主题，由学生组织学术团队进行研究，这样既丰富了教师的教学内容，又培养了学生的研究能力和团队协作精神。
四是要强调“问题意识”，以研究问题为目标，突出学生获得知识的自主性和研究性为主要特征的多种教学方法的创造性综合。学生对消费者行为学的兴趣不浓，很大程度与教师教学方法有关，而引导式、启发式、探求式、拓展式等多种新颖的教学方法可以很好地解决这一问题。
参考文献：
[1]程秀芳.消费行为学教学改革研究[J].考试周刊，（52）：11-12.
[2]于显辉，徐长冬.消费者行为学教学模式改革的探索与实践[J].北方经贸，2008（10）：143-144.
教学总结论文 篇4
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易误选A，认为“忘记”是现在的事。
【分析】仔细体会一下对话的语境：第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”，这个“忘记”应该是现在的情况，即现在忘记了，要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了，故第一空应填 forget；第二个人说“我有他的号码，但我忘记带电话本了”，这个“忘记”应该是过去的情况，即过去忘记带电话本，所以现在电话本不在身上（注意句中的转折连词 but），故第二空应填 forgot，即答案选应C.请再看一例：
- Oh, I ______ where he lives.
- Don’t you carry your address book？
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C，理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
【陷阱】容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。
【分析】但正确答案为A，前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。请做以下类似试题（答案均为A）：
（1） We had hoped to catch the 10：20 train, but _____ it was gone.
C. would find D. would have found
（2） We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
（3） We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
（4） I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn’t get away.
C. would call D. would have called
（5） The traffic accident wouldn’t have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
3. Dear me！ Just _____ at the time！ I _____ no idea it was so late.
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，认为第一空用现在分词表伴随，第二空填 have 的一般现在时，以保持与前面时态的一致性。
【分析】其实，此题应选C，第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语；第二空应填 had，因为前一句说“看看时间吧”，这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形，“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事，故应用一般过去时态，许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。
4. “Your phone number again？ I _____ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”
【陷阱】此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗？”可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。请看以下类似试题：
（1） “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _____.”
答案选B，“他答应（要来）”应发生在过去。
（2） “Hey, look where you are going！” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
答案选B，“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事，现经对方一提醒，当然注意到了。
（3） “Oh it’s you！ I ________ you.” “I’ve had my hair cut.”
A. didn’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t recognize D. don’t recognized
答案选C.“没认出是你”是说此话之前的事，说此话时显然已经认出了对方。
（4） “What’s her new telephone number？” “Oh, I _____.”
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此题应选A，从语境上看，“忘记”的时间应是现在，即指现在不记得了。
（5） “Since you’ve agreed to go, why aren’t you getting ready？” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don’t realize B. didn’t realize
C. hadn’t realized D. haven’t realized
答案选B.“没意识到”是对方提醒之前的事。
（6） “It’s twelve o’clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really？ I ______ it at all.”
A. don’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
答案选C.“没意识到”是在听到的话之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
【陷阱】容易误选B或C.
【分析】此题应选D，这是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B.但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则变为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选C，上文说“他”变化很大，即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was（其实第二空也可用 used to be）。请看类例：
“What place is it？” “Haven’t you found out we _____ back where we ______？”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
答案选C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我们（现在）又回到刚才来过的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don’t know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
【陷阱】此题容易误选B.认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。
【分析】其实，此题答案应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句（即if≠如果），而是宾语从句（即if＝是否），句意为“他很忙，我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：
（1） I don’t know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
（2） “When _____ he come？” “I don’t know, but when he _____, I’ll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 疑问副词，用于引出一个特殊疑问句；第二个 when是从属连词，用于引导时间状语从句。
（3） “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
【陷阱】此题容易误选B或D，认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间，所以应选过去时态，又因为 date from 不用于被动语态，所以只能选D.
【分析】其实此题的最佳答案应是C，因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今”（＝have existed since），它通常用于一般现在时，而不用过去时态（尽管其后接的总是表示过去的时间）。如：
The church dates from 1176. 这座教堂是六世纪建的。
The castle dates from the 14th century. 这座城堡是14世纪建的。
但若所谈论的东西现在已不复存在，则可用一般过去时。如：
The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
注：与 date from 同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。
9. “You’ve left the light on.” “Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.”
【陷阱】容易误选D.
【分析】A和D两者均可表示将来，填入空格处似乎都可以。但实际上只有A是最佳的，因为根据上下文的语境来看，“我去把灯关掉”这一行为是说话人听了对方的话后临时想到的，而不是事先准备的。而按英语习惯：will 和 be going to后接动词原形均可表示意图，但意图有强弱之分，如果是事先考虑过的意图，要用 be going to；如果不是事先考虑过的，而是说话时刻才临时想到的意图，则用 will.比较：
“I’ve come out without any money.” “Never mind, I will lend you some.” “我出来没带钱。”“没关系，我借给你。”（句中用will lend，表示“借”钱给对方是临时想到的，即听了对方的话后临时作出的反应）
I’ve bought a typewriter and I’m going to learn to type. 我买了台打字机，我想学打字。（句中用 be going to learn to type，表示说话人要学打字是事先准备的，并为此买了台打字机）
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Look at that little boy wandering about - perhaps he _____ his mother.
2. It’s good that we _____ to the park because it’s started to rain.
3. I _____ for five minutes； why don’t they come？
C. was calling D. have been calling
4. You _____ your turn so you’ll have to wait.
5. We _____ to move but are still considering where to go to.
6. I left my pen on the desk and now it’s gone； who _____ it？
7. They won’t buy any new clothes because they _____ money to buy a new car.
8. I _____ your last point - could you say it again？
A. didn’t quite catch B. don’t quite catch
C. hadn’t quite catch D. can’t quite catch
9. You’ll never guess who I met today - my old teacher！ We _____ for 20 years.
10. I feel sure I _____ her before somewhere.
11. They haven’t arrived yet but we _____ them at any moment.
A. are expected B. have expected
12. I think you must be mistaken about seeing him at the theatre； I’m sure he _____ abroad all week.
13. The students _______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _______ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
14. I tried to phone her, but even as I _____ she was leaving the building.
15. “I suppose you _____ that report yet？” “I finished it yesterday, as a matter of fact.”
A. didn’t finish B. haven’t finished
C. hadn’t finished D. wasn’t finishing
16. -Didn’t the guard see him breaking into the bank？
-No, he _______ in the other direction.
17. How can you possibly miss the news？ It _______ on TV all day long.
18. “I thought you might have got drunk.” “Yes, I ______.”
19. You ______ television. Why not do something more active？
A. always watch B. are always watching
C. have always watched D. have always been watching
20. “I took part in the TOEFL. It was really hard.” “Did you ______ a lot？”
A. Have you studied B. Did you study
C. Had you studied D. Do you study
21. “What’s your opinion on the matter, please？” “Oh, sorry, I _______.”
A. wasn’t to listen B. haven’t listened
C. wasn’t listening D. hadn’t listened
22. “Aha, you’re a chain smoker！” “Only at home. Nobody _______ that but you.”
23. The telephone _______ three times in the last hour, and each time it ________ for my father.
A. had rang； was B. has rung； was
C. rang； has been D. has been ringing； is
24. The thief tried to break away from the policeman who ______ him, but failed.
25. When I arrived at the company, the manager ______, so we had only time for a few words.
A. just went away B. had gone away
C. was just going away D. has just gone away
26. “John took a photograph of you just now.” “Oh, really？ I ______.”
A. didn’t know B. wasn’t knowing
27. “Mike is not coming to the football game this afternoon.” “It’s a shame！ He _______！”
28. Please call again. Jim _______ a bath just now.
29. “Was Andrew there when you arrived？” “Yes, but he ______ home soon afterwards.”
30. “Where is Mother.” “She is in the kitchen. She _______ the housework all morning.”
31. The books, ________ the dictionaries, must be put back where they ________.
A. included； were B. to include； are
C. including； were D. including； are
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选D.根据那个小男孩徘徊的现象，推知他可能是找不到妈妈了。用现在完成时表示结果。
2. 选C.句意为“好在我们（刚才）没有去公园，因为天（现在）已经开始下雨了”。
3. 选D.用现在完成进行时表示持续到现在的一段时间。
4. 选B，用现在完成时表示结果，即你已经错过了机会，其结果是：你只能等。
5. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响。
6. 选B.用现在完成时表示影响或结果，即现在笔不见了，是由于某人已经把它拿走了的结果。
7. 选D.用现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
8. 选A.从下文的语境看，既然现在叫对方重复一遍，说明“没听清对方的最后一点”应发生在过去（即说此话之前）。
9. 选B.用现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的一段时间。
10. 选B.before 用作副词时不与具体时间连用，泛指“以前”，通常与一般过去时或现在完成时连用。
11. 选C.用现在进行时表示目前的一种状态。
12. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响或结果，即他整个星期都在国外，所以你说你在剧院见过他，你一定是搞错了。
13. 选D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
14. 选D.注意even as 的意思，它表示“正当……的时候”或“恰当……的时候”。
15. 选B.注意下文语境--事实上，我昨天就做完了。从该回答的语气上推测，填空处应填现在完成时态。
16. 选A.表示当时正在进行的动作。
17. 选A.表示目前一种持续的状态。
18. 选C.句中的 might have got drunk是对过去情况的推测，故答句所指的情况也应在过去，故选C.
19. 选B.always 与进行时态连用，可以表示高兴、满意、抱怨、厌恶等感情色彩。
20. 选C.根据took的时态可知，“参加托福考试”发生在过去；而对方问“是否努力学习过？”这肯定问的是参加考试以前的事，故用过去完成时。
21. 选C.“没听”肯定是刚才的事，所以应用过去时态。
22. 选C.答句陈述的是客观事实，故用一般现在时态。
23. 选B.按英语语法，“in the last +一段时间”通常与现在完成时连用。
24. 选C.用过去进行时表示当时在持续的一种状态。
25. 选C.由于下文说we had only time for a few words，说明“经理”正准备离开。
26. 选A.“不知道”是对方告诉自己之前的事，故用一般过去时。
27. 选B.根据语境，他“答应”发生在过去，故用一般过去时。
28. 选C.just now 有两个意思：一是表示“刚才”，此时just now 为习语；二是表示“现在”、“眼前”、“就在此时”，此时 just 意为“正好”、“恰好”，用以修饰副词now.根据句子语境，句中的 just now 应取上面的第二个意思。
29. 选D.Andrew“回家”发生在你见到他（发生在过去）之后不久。
30. 选 D.现在完成进行时表示从过去至今一直在持续的动作。
31. 选 C.第一空including不填 included，因为其后带有宾语；第二填 were，是因为它是指“原来放的地方”。
教学总结论文 篇5
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选B.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话--但事实上忘了）。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。
【分析】最佳答案为D.关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D.
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
【陷阱】容易误选A或C.选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D.分析如下：
（1） “so + 助动词 + 主语”是一个很有用的结构，它表示“……也一样”时。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类也会随之消失。
（2） 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D.
4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.”
【陷阱】容易误选A或B.根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。
【分析】但此题的最佳答案是 C.按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。又如：
I’d rather you left right now. 我宁愿你现在就离开。
I would much rather it was forgotten. 我更愿这事被遗忘掉。
I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it. 我宁愿他没告诉我这事。
请再做以下试题（答案均为B）：
（1） “Shall I come tomorrow ？” “I’d rather you ______.”
（2） “I’ve told him about it.” “But I’d rather you ______.”
（3） “He will take you as well.” “But I’d rather he ______.”
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选 D.insist后的从句谓语有时用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选D最合适。请做以下类似试题（答案选B）：
（1） The patient insisted that he _______ ill and _______ to the hospital.
A. wasn’t, wasn’t sent B. wasn’t, shouldn’t be sent
C. shouldn’t be, wasn’t sent D. shouldn’t be, shouldn’t be sent
（2） The man in prison insisted that he _______ nothing wrong and _______ set free.
A. should do, should be B. had done, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
（3） I advised that he ______ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he ______ quite well then.
A. was sent; felt B. be sent; was feeling
C. he sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel
6. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A. Was he given up B. Had he given up
【陷阱】容易误选 D.
【分析】正确答案应选B.之所以不能选D，是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。又如：
Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down.= If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。
Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion.= If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. “I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you _____.”
2. If I hadn’t been lucky enough to meet you. I really _____ what I would have done.
C. wasn’t knowing D. wouldn’t know
3. “I’ve told everyone about it.” “Oh, I’d rather you _____.”
4. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn’t rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.
5. “Do you know his address？” “No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.”
6. “Isn’t it about time you _____ to do morning exercises？” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us？”
7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
8. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
C. would score D. would have scored
9. If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
10. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
11. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____ something she would regret later.
12. You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
A. drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t get
C. were driving; wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have got
13. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ______.
C. were broken D. had been broken
14. But for the help you gave me, I _______ the examinations.
A. would have passed B. would pass
C. wouldn’t have passed D. wouldn’t pass
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选B.It’s time you did 为 It’s time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法，it’s time 后从句通常要用过去式。
2. 选A.虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气的宾语，但 I don’t know 却宜用一般现在时，因为 I don’t know 表述的是现在的真实情况，句意为“我要不是有幸遇到你，我真不知（指现在不知）我会做出什么蠢事来”。
3. 选B.I’d rather 后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。
4. 选A.we can’t get there by tomorrow 为客观事实，故宜用陈述语气。
5. 选B.第一空填 knew，因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气（即用过去式表示现在的想法）；第二空要填lives，即用陈述语气，因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实，而不是 I wish 的内容。
6. 选C.It’s time… / It’s high time… / It’s about time… 等后接从句时，从句谓语通常用过去式。
7. 选 B.此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句，主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为：要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆，我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。
8. 选 D.这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气，再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，由此可推知答案选 D.
9. 选 C.if only 意为“要是……就好了”，其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气，同时根据 as the doctor instructed 中的过去时态可知从句是与过去事实相反，故选 C.
10. 选 A.without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
11. 选 D.otherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。
12. 选 D.根据句中的 didn’t let me drive 可知，这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气句，条件句的谓语用 had+过去分词，主句谓语用 would / should / could / might have+过去分词。
13. 选 C.as if 引导的句子，有时用虚拟语气，有时不用。原则上说，若指事实或可能为事实，不用虚拟语气；若指现在，从句谓语动词用一般过去时（be 用 were）；若指过去用过去完成时，若指将来用过去将来时或用 were to do sth.又如下面一题要选 C：
It seems as if the sun ____ round the earth since it rises in the east and sets in the west.
C. were circling D. has been circling
14. 选C.but for 的意思是“若不是，要不是”，用于引出与事实相反的假设，通常与虚拟语气连用。根据句中的 the help you gave me，可知它表示与过去事实相反，故选C.
教学总结论文 篇6
二： 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。
e.g. They had a radio. / It could send out messages.
They had a radio which/ that could send out message. (主语)
The girl is my best friend. / She spoke just now.
The girl who/ that spoke just now is my best friend. （主语）
He always buys some books. / He never read them.
He always buys some books (which/ that) he never read. (宾语)
注意点：
1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：
e.g. The man who lives next door sells vegetables.
The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( × )
The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( × )
2．）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：
e.g. The young man ( who ) you saw was our manager.
There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind.
3.) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时， 关系代词只能用which 或 whom
e.g. The man is a famous runner. / You talked to him just now.
The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner.
The chair is made of wood. / He is sitting on it now.
The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood.
He is a library assistant. / I borrowed some books from him.
He is a library assistant from whom I borrowed some books.
It is a famous school. / He graduated from it 3 years ago.
It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.
The service should be improved. / The students complain a lot about it.
The service about which the students complain a lot should be improved.
有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前：
e.g. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him.
He is the student who the teachers are looking for.
The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children.
The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.
关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。
e.g. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize.
The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter.
Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xi’an.
The book is not mine. / The cover of it is red.
I live in the room. / The windows of it face south.
The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken.
限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。
He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.
Here is the boy who damaged the glass.
非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。
e.g. The book is written by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 years old.
Bob’s father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt.
Shanghai, which is developing fast, has become one of world’s trade center.
注意点：
非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.
e.g. She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well.
which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.
e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad.
He lost his job finally, which was exactly what we wanted.
介词＋which:
The picture ______ he paid 0 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day.
I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.
He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.
He still remember the morning when/ on which the earthquake happened.
当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词＋which来代替:
e.g. This is the house. / He used to live in the house.
This is the house where/ in which he used to live.
I know of a place. / We can swim in that place.
I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.
Is there any shop around? / I can buy a pen in the shop.
Is there any shop around where/ in which I can buy a pen.
先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for ＋which来代替:
e.g. I don’t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.
I don’t know the reason why/ for which he did it.
The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it.
The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear.
注意点：
当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ that
e.g. This is the date _______ we’re proud of.
This is the date _______ he was born.
I will never forget the time ______ we spent together.
This is the factory _______ my mother works.
This is the factory _______ we visited last week.
Is this factory you visit last week?
A. the one B. where C. which D. that
This factory is the one (that/ which) you visit last week.
I don’t believe the reason _____ he gave for his decision.
Another reason _______ he made this decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others.
a.当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等
All that can be done has been done.
I didn’t mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b.先行词（指物的）前面有only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时
There’s no difficulty that we can’t overcome.
I’ve read all the books that can be borrowed here.
c.先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时
This is the first letter that I’ve written in Japanese.
She is the most careful girl that I’ve ever known.
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.
China isn’t the country that she used to be 50 years ago.
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
It’s a book that will help you a great deal.
Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?
Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?
g. 当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，先行项为物
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.
There are two tickets of the film that are for you.
The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever been.
What did you hear that made you so angry?
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.
They have three houses, which are built of stone.
This is the factory in which we once worked.
We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
I’ve bought you some books which I think may interest you.
One who does not work hard will never succeed.
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.
Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.
There ‘s only one student in the school who I want to see.
Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?
I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.
g.定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。
Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.
He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work.
D.在定语从句中，whose作定语， 其先行项既可以是人，又可以是物
Lei Feng was a great communist fighter whose death was weightier than Mount Tai.
Where’s the window whose glass is broken?
E. 在定语从句，关系副词when, where, why与关系代词which, that的关系
July 1st, 1921 is the day that/which we Chinese should always remember.
This is the place that/which they visited last year.
Please give me a reason that/which could account for your absence.
I still remember the day when(=on which) I joined the army.
This is the room where(=in which) Luxun once lived.
Another reason why(=for which) he works hard is that he has pass the exam.
a.在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用
They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.
She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.
As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
c.如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有＂正如．．．＂＂就象．．．＂之意时，用as
We won the match, as we had expected.
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
d. 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书 (比较：This is the same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)
Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.
I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgra 定语从句小结
. as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句， 用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
e.g. He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.
As we know from his accent, he is an American.
He, as we know from his accent, is an American.
As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.
正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.
定语从句的练习：
I passed him a glass of whiskey, ______ he drank at once.
He spoke to me in a way _______ I don’t at all like.
It is a famous university ________ he graduated 3 years ago.
Are you the lady ______ asked for help?
The service __________ students complain a lot should be improved.
He works in a college ______ students are all women.
The picture ______ he paid 0 was once owned by a king.
Can you think of a situation ________ this word can be used?
We can see very clearly the method ______ the computers work.
_______ he introduced just now, Dr. Baker is an expert in Biology.
I’m grateful to him for that advice, ______ I owed all my success.
This is the famous star ______ photos are on this magazine.
The science of medicine, ________ progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the science.
教学总结论文 篇7
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. I’m sorry, _____ I won’t be able to come tonight.
【陷阱】容易误选A，因为空格后的句子是用以说明 I’m sorry 的原因的，所以便想当然地认为要选for来表示原因。
【分析】事实上，I’m sorry 后习惯上不接表示原因的连词 for，而接表示转折的连词 but（也可省略 but），用以委婉地提出一个使对方不快的事实。又如：
Oh, sorry, but she’s out. 哦，不好意思，她出去了。
I’m sorry, but I have to disagree. 对不起，我不敢苟同。
I’m sorry, but I have already had another appointment. 对不起，我已经有约会了。
注：I’m sorry 后虽然不能接表原因的连词for，但却可接介词 for.如：
I’m sorry for shouting at you. 对不起冲你嚷嚷了。
I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。
2. The point is not who said the words, _____ they are true or not.
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为A.此题涉及两个搭配：一是 not … but …（不是……而是……），二是 whether … or not （是否）。请看类例：
He was not an actor, who often appeared on stage, _____ a writer, writing stories.
答案选A，主要考查 not … but … 结构。
3. Just because they make more money than I do, _____ they seem to look down on me.
【陷阱】但容易误选A，将汉语的“因为……所以……”直译为 because … so …。
【分析】此题正确答案为D，但是按英语语法，because 为从属连词，用以引导原因状语从句，它表明整个句子为复合句；而 so 在表示“所以”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 because，又用了并列连词 so，使得该句一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉 because 和 so 中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。
4. Although he had only entered the contest for fun, _____ he won first prize.
【陷阱】容易误选A，将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为 although … but …。
【分析】正确答案选D.按英语语法，although 为从属连词，用以引导让步状语从句，它表明整个句子为复合句；而 but 在表示“但是”时，它是并列连词，用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 although，又用了并列连词 but ，使得该句一半像复合句，一半像并列句，从而导致错误。正确的做法是，任意去掉 although 和 but 中的一个，使之要么成为复合句，要么成为并列句。其实，此题与上面一题的分析思路是一样的。这里顺便说一句，许多同学（包括许多老师和教学参考书）为了便于记忆，将此题与上面一题的知识点简单地归纳为“按英语习惯，because和so不可连用，although 与 but 不可连用”。这种说法在通常情况下无疑是对的，也是有效的，但同学们一定要在明白以上道理的情况下来使用此规则，如果只是死记该规则，有时遇到一些语言特例仍然会出错。如：
But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我当时的确不知道此事，尽管后来我还是知道了。
此句既用了并列连词 but，又用了从属连词 although，但它并未造成错误，原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同，即此句 but 用于 although 之前，but 在此仅起到与上文转折的作用，but 后的 I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 仍为一个复合句。
I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着算这些账，但尽管我懂点数学，仍感到很困难。
此句将 but 与 although 用在一起，但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看，它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句，而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although I knew some maths 的复合句--这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.
5. When the last prize had been awarded _____ everybody cleared off.
【陷阱】容易想当然地误选A.
【分析】句首 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，它暗示整个句子为复合句；而so, and, or 为并列连词，无论选哪一个，都表明整个句子为并列句，从而导致前后矛盾，所以A、B、C均不能选择。此题正确答案选D，everybody cleared off 为整个复合句的主句。请看类似例子：
（1） If wishes were horses, _____ beggars would ride.
（2） If I’m mistaken, _____ you are mistaken too.
（3） Just before I left London, _____ I sent him a telegram.
（4） After they had each said a few words, _____ Lloyd George took the floor.
答案均选D，空格前分别为 if, when, before, after 引导的状语从句，空格后为整个复合句的主句。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. “Shall we stop for lunch _____ shall we drive on？” “Let’s stop for lunch, but the driver can’t drink _____ drive.”
2. “_____ when does the pub stay open？” “About midnight.”
3. “Would you like tea _____ coffee？” “_____, thanks.”
4. He imagines that people don’t like him, _____ they do.
5. I firmly believe _____ he said at the meeting was right.
6. Will you deliver, _____ do I have to come to the shop to collect the goods？
7. It shocked me to see ______ my neighbors treated their children.
8. _____ the government agrees to give extra money , the theatre will have to close.
9. We were just about ready to leave _____ it started to snow.
10. -I don’t like chicken _______ fish.
-I don’t like chicken, _______ I like fish very much.
11. -Would you like to come to dinner tonight？
-I’d like to, ___ I’m too busy.
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选D，第一空填 or，表选择；第二空填 and，can’t drink and drive 指不能同时既喝酒又开车，即不能酒后开车。
2. 选C，句意为“这家酒店开门到什么？（或这家酒店什么时候关门？）”
3. 选C，选项A用No来回答选择疑问句，不妥；选项B用 and 连接 tea 与 coffee，说明问句并非提供选择，而答语却用了 either 这样表选择性的词语，也不妥；选项D与语境不符。高
4. 选D，前后意思转折，故选 but.注：but they do = but they like him.
5. 选C，that 为引导宾语从句的连词，在 that what he said at the meeting was right 这一宾语从句中，又包含有what he said at the meeting 这一主语从句，而在该主语从句中，what用作动词 said 的宾语。
6. 选B，or 表选择。
7. 选C.how 修饰谓语动词 treated.
8. 选B，从句意推知。
9. 选A，when 在此用作并列连词，意为“这时（突然）”。
10. 选C.第一空填 or，在否定词后用or，表示否定两者；第二空填but，表示转折。
11. 选D.but表转折，符合语意。而表并列的and, 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。